Time gain compensation circuit in an ultrasound receiver

ABSTRACT

The disclosure provides a time gain compensation (TGC) circuit. The TGC circuit includes an impedance network. A differential amplifier is coupled to the impedance network. The differential amplifier includes a first input port, a second input port, a first output port and a second output port. A first feedback resistor is coupled between the first input port and the first output port. A second feedback resistor is coupled between the second input port and the second output port. The impedance network provides a fixed impedance to the differential amplifier when a gain of the TGC circuit is changed from a maximum value to a minimum value.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This continuation claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/637,146, filed Mar. 3, 2015, which application claims priority toIndia Provisional Patent Application No. 1629/CHE/2014, filed Mar. 27,2014, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure is generally related to medical diagnosticdevices, and more particularly to time gain compensation in ultrasoundreceivers.

BACKGROUND

Ultrasonic imaging has become a widely used tool in medical diagnostics.Ultrasound techniques introduce high-frequency acoustic waves into asubject's body. Ultrasound system uses transducers that convertelectrical energy into acoustic energy. The ultrasound signals aretransmitted to the subject's body, from an ultrasound probe, and, inresponse, echoes of the acoustic energy are reflected from variousacoustic impedance discontinuities within the body.

The echoes are received by the transducer integrated within theultrasound system. The echoes (or the reflected ultrasound signals) areamplified and digitized to generate an ultrasound image of the subject.The received echoes of those waves provide information allowing atrained observer to view the subject's internal organs.

The ultrasound signals are attenuated when passed through body tissues.Therefore, echoes received from further within the body have much lessintensity than echoes received from the same type of tissue boundarieswhich are close to the surface of the body. The amplitude of the echoesor the reflected ultrasound signals varies dynamically, and hence an ADC(analog to digital converter) with large dynamic range is required inthe ultrasound system.

Time gain compensation (TGC) circuit is used in an ultrasound system tocorrect the intensity of the echoes so that the intensities are almostthe same for echoes received from tissues deep within the body as theyare for similar tissues close to the surface of the body. TGC circuitincreases the signal intensity with depth to attain a same dynamic rangeacross signal levels. However, the TGC circuit requires a high power tomeet the low noise requirements in the ultrasound system.

SUMMARY

According to an aspect of the disclosure, a time gain compensation (TGC)circuit is disclosed. The TGC circuit includes an impedance network. Adifferential amplifier is coupled to the impedance network. Thedifferential amplifier includes a first input port, a second input port,a first output port and a second output port. A first feedback resistoris coupled between the first input port and the first output port. Asecond feedback resistor is coupled between the second input port andthe second output port. The impedance network provides a fixed impedanceto the differential amplifier when a gain of the TGC circuit is changedfrom a maximum value to a minimum value.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a time gain compensation (TGC) circuit;

FIG. 2 illustrates a time gain compensation (TGC) circuit, according toan embodiment;

FIG. 3 illustrates a time gain compensation (TGC) circuit, according toan embodiment;

FIG. 4 illustrates a differential input and a differential output curvesof the time gain compensation (TGC) circuit illustrated in FIG. 3,according to an embodiment;

FIG. 5 illustrates a time gain compensation (TGC) circuit, according toan embodiment; and

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an ultrasound system, according toan embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates a time gain compensation (TGC) circuit 100. The TGCcircuit 100 receives a differential input. The differential inputincludes a positive input voltage Vi+ 102 and a negative input voltageVi− 104. The TGC circuit 100 includes a first resistor R1 106, a secondresistor R2 108 and a third resistor R3 110. The first resistor R1 106and the third resistor R3 110 are fixed resistors. The second resistorR2 108 is a voltage controlled resistor.

The second resistor R2 108 is coupled between a first node N1 and asecond node N2. An amplifier 116 is coupled to the first node N1 and thesecond node N2. The amplifier 116 includes a voltage-to-current (V2I)converter 118 followed by current-to-voltage (I2V) converter 120. Theamplifier 116 generates a differential output. The differential outputincludes a positive output voltage Vo+ 124 and a negative output voltageVo− 126.

The operation of the TGC circuit 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 is explainednow. A resistance value of the first resistor R1 106 and the thirdresistor R3 110 are equal. The amplifier 116 is a fixed gain amplifier.The amplifier 116 has a high input impedance since it is implementedusing a V2I converter 118 and I2V converter 120.

The TGC circuit 100 receives the differential input. A resistance valueof the second resistor R2 108 is changed to vary a gain of the TGCcircuit 100. The TGC circuit 100 thus provides a higher gain to a lowintensity differential input and a lower gain to a high intensitydifferential input.

A noise of the amplifier 116 does not change with the gain of the TGCcircuit 100. However, amplifier 116 is a high power amplifier, sinceamplifier 116 has a high input impedance and a fixed gain. Thus, the TGCcircuit 100 requires a higher power to meet a low noise requirement ofan ultrasound system in which TGC circuit 100 is used.

FIG. 2 illustrates a time gain compensation (TGC) circuit 200, accordingto an embodiment. The TGC circuit 200 receives a differential input. Thedifferential input includes a positive input voltage Vi+ 202 and anegative input voltage Vi− 204. An impedance network 205 receives thepositive input voltage Vi+ 202 and the negative input voltage Vi− 204.The impedance network 205 includes a first fixed resistor R1 f 206, asecond fixed resistor R2 f 210, a third fixed resistor R3 f 212, afourth fixed resistor R4 f 214 and a first voltage controlled resistorR1 v 208.

A resistance value of the first voltage controlled resistor R1 v 208 isconsidered as 2*R1 v for ease in computation of a gain of the TGCcircuit 200. The first fixed resistor R1 f 206, the second fixedresistor R2 f 210, the third fixed resistor R3 f 212 and the fourthfixed resistor R4 f 214 are fixed resistors. The first voltagecontrolled resistor R1 v 208 is a voltage controlled resistor.

The first fixed resistor R1 f 206 is coupled to a first node N1 andreceives the positive input voltage Vi+ 202. The second fixed resistorR2 f 210 is coupled to a second node N2 and receives the negative inputvoltage Vi− 204. The first voltage controlled resistor R1 v 208 iscoupled between the first node N1 and the second node N2.

A differential amplifier 216 is coupled to the impedance network 205.The differential amplifier 216 includes a first input port I1, a secondinput port I2, a first output port O1 and a second output port O2. Thedifferential amplifier 216 generates a differential output. Thedifferential output includes a positive output voltage Vo+224 and anegative output voltage Vo− 226.

The negative output voltage Vo− 226 is generated at the first outputport O1, and the positive output voltage Vo+ 224 is generated at thesecond output port O2. The third fixed resistor R3 f 212 is coupledbetween the first node N1 and the first input port I1. The fourth fixedresistor R4 f is coupled between the second node N2 and the second inputport I2.

A first feedback resistor Rfb1 218 is coupled between the first inputport I1 and the first output port O1. A second feedback resistor Rfb2 iscoupled between the second input port I2 and the second output port O2.It is understood that the impedance network 205 is symmetric. Thus, inan example, when the positive input voltage Vi+ 202 and the negativeinput voltage Vi− 204 are provided to the second node N2 and the firstnode N1 respectively, the negative output voltage Vo− and the 226positive output voltage Vo+ 224 may be generated at second output portO2 and first output port O1 respectively.

The TGC circuit 200 may include one or more additional components knownto those skilled in the relevant art and are not discussed here forsimplicity of the description.

The operation of the TGC circuit 200 illustrated in FIG. 1 is explainednow. In one example, a resistance value of the first fixed resistor R1 f206 and the second fixed resistor R2 f 210 are equal. Also, a resistancevalue of the third fixed resistor R3 f 212 and the fourth fixed resistorR4 f 214 are equal. In another example, a resistance value of the firstfeedback resistor Rfb1 218 and the second feedback resistor Rfb2 220 areequal.

The differential amplifier 216 is at least one of an operationalamplifier and a high gain amplifier. In one example, a gain of thedifferential amplifier 216 is greater than 1000. The TGC circuit 200receives the differential input (the positive input voltage Vi+ 202 andthe negative input voltage Vi− 204). Based on the differential input, aresistance value of the first voltage controlled resistor R1 v 208 ischanged to vary a gain of the TGC circuit 200. The TGC circuit 200 thusprovides a higher gain to a low intensity differential input and a lowergain to a high intensity differential input.

The TGC circuit 200 requires very less power as compared to the TGCcircuit 100 to meet the same noise requirement in an ultrasound system.This is because the TGC circuit 200 uses differential amplifier 216which is an operational amplifier, and in the TGC circuit 100, amplifier116 is a high power amplifier, since amplifier 116 has high inputimpedance and fixed gain However, a noise of the differential amplifier216 is higher when the gain of the TGC circuit 200 is low as compared towhen the gain of the TGC circuit 200 is high. The ultrasound systemusing a TGC circuit requires a differential amplifier to have a lownoise at low gain condition.

FIG. 3 illustrates a time gain compensation (TGC) circuit 300, accordingto an embodiment. The TGC circuit 300 receives a differential input. Thedifferential input includes a positive input voltage Vi+ 302 and anegative input voltage Vi− 304. An impedance network 305 receives thepositive input voltage Vi+ 302 and the negative input voltage Vi− 304.

The impedance network 305 includes a first fixed resistor R1 f 306, asecond fixed resistor R2 f 310, a first voltage controlled resistor R1 v308, a second voltage controlled resistor R2 v 312 and a third voltagecontrolled resistor R3 v 314. In one version, the impedance network 305includes one or more voltage controlled resistors.

A resistance value of the first voltage controlled resistor R1 v 308 isconsidered as 2*R1 v for ease in computation of a gain of the TGCcircuit 300. The first fixed resistor R1 f 306 and the second fixedresistor R2 f 310 are fixed resistors. The first voltage controlledresistor R1 v 308, the second voltage controlled resistor R2 v 312 andthe third voltage controlled resistor R3 v 314 are a voltage controlledresistors.

The first fixed resistor R1 f 306 is coupled to a first node N1 andreceives the positive input voltage Vi+ 302. The second fixed resistorR2 f 310 is coupled to a second node N2 and receives the negative inputvoltage Vi− 304. The first voltage controlled resistor R1 v 308 iscoupled between the first node N1 and the second node N2.

A differential amplifier 316 is coupled to the impedance network 305.The differential amplifier 316 includes a first input port I1, a secondinput port I2, a first output port O1 and a second output port O2. Thedifferential amplifier 316 generates a differential output. Thedifferential output includes a positive output voltage Vo+ 324 and anegative output voltage Vo− 326.

The negative output voltage Vo− 326 is generated at the first outputport O1, and the positive output voltage Vo+ 324 is generated at thesecond output port O2. The second voltage controlled resistor R2 v 312is coupled between the first node N1 and the first input port I1. Thethird voltage controlled resistor R3 v 314 is coupled between the secondnode N2 and the second input port I2.

A first feedback resistor Rfb1 318 is coupled between the first inputport I1 and the first output port O1. A second feedback resistor Rfb2320 is coupled between the second input port I2 and the second outputport O2. It is understood that the impedance network 305 is symmetric.Thus, in an example, when the positive input voltage Vi+ 302 and thenegative input voltage Vi− 304 are provided to the second node N2 andthe first node N1 respectively, the negative output voltage Vo− 326 andthe positive output voltage Vo+ 324 may be generated at second outputport O2 and first output port O1 respectively.

The TGC circuit 300 may include one or more additional components knownto those skilled in the relevant art and are not discussed here forsimplicity of the description.

The operation of the TGC circuit 300 illustrated in FIG. 1 is explainednow. In one example, a resistance value of the first fixed resistor R1 f306 and the second fixed resistor R2 f 310 are equal. Also, a resistancevalue of the second voltage controlled resistor R2 v 312 and the thirdvoltage controlled resistor R3 v 314 are maintained equal when the gainof the TGC circuit 300 is changed. In another example, a resistancevalue of the first feedback resistor Rfb1 318 and the second feedbackresistor Rfb2 230 are equal.

The differential amplifier 316 is at least one of an operationalamplifier and a high gain amplifier. In one example, a gain of thedifferential amplifier 316 is greater than 1000. The TGC circuit 300receives the differential input (the positive input voltage Vi+ 302 andthe negative input voltage Vi− 304).

The impedance network 305 provides a fixed impedance to the differentialamplifier 316 when the gain of the TGC circuit 300 is changed from amaximum value to a minimum value. Also, the impedance network 305provides the fixed impedance to the differential amplifier 316 when thegain of the TGC circuit 300 is changed from the minimum value to themaximum value.

In one example, the gain of the TGC circuit 300 is defined as:

$\begin{matrix}{{Gain} = \frac{R\; 1v \times {Rfb}\; 1}{{R\; 1f \times R\; 1v} + {R\; 1f \times R\; 2v} + {R\; 1v \times R\; 2v}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$The fixed impedance (Zin) provided by the impedance network is definedas:

$\begin{matrix}{{Zin} = {{R\; 2v} + \frac{R\; 1f \times R\; 1v}{{R\; 1f} + {R\; 1v}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

A feedback factor and a bandwidth of the differential amplifier 316 areconstant when the gain of the TGC circuit 300 is changed. A change inthe gain of the TGC circuit 300 provides a corresponding change inresistance values of the first voltage controlled resistor R1 v 308, thesecond voltage controlled resistor R2 v 312 and the third voltagecontrolled resistor R3 v 314, such that the impedance network 305provides the fixed impedance to the differential amplifier 316.

In one version, when the gain of the TGC circuit 300 is changed from themaximum value to the minimum value, a resistance value of the firstvoltage controlled resistor R1 v 308 is decreased, and a resistancevalues of the second voltage controlled resistor R2 v 312 and the thirdvoltage controlled resistor R3 v 314 are increased. Also, resistancevalues of the first fixed resistor R1 f 306 and the second fixedresistor R2 f 310 are maintained such that the fixed impedance isprovided to the differential amplifier 316. This controls thedifferential output (the positive output voltage Vo+ 324 and thenegative output voltage Vo− 326) of the TGC circuit 300.

In another version, when the gain of the TGC circuit 300 is changed fromthe minimum value to the maximum value, the resistance value of thefirst voltage controlled resistor R1 v 308 is increased, and theresistance values of the second voltage controlled resistor R2 v 312 andthe third voltage controlled resistor R3 v 314 are decreased. Also,resistance values of the first fixed resistor R1 f 306 and the secondfixed resistor R2 f 310 are maintained such that the fixed impedance isprovided to the differential amplifier 316. This controls thedifferential output (the positive output voltage Vo+ 324 and thenegative output voltage Vo− 326) of the TGC circuit 300.

An output of the differential amplifier 316 is the output of the TGCcircuit 300. Thus, the resistance values of the first voltage controlledresistor R1 v 308, the second voltage controlled resistor R2 v 312 andthe third voltage controlled resistor R3 v 314 are changed such that theimpedance network 305 provides the fixed impedance to the differentialamplifier 316 and simultaneously achieving a desired gain for the TGCcircuit 300.

The TGC circuit 300 requires very less power as compared to the TGCcircuit 100 to meet the same noise requirement in an ultrasound system.An output offset provided by the differential amplifier 316 does notchange with the change in the gain of the TGC circuit 300. As thefeedback factor and the bandwidth of the differential amplifier 316 areconstant when the gain of the TGC circuit 300 is changed, a same phaseresponse is achieved for the differential input across the gain of theTGC circuit 300.

In addition, a noise of the differential amplifier 316 remains sameacross the gain of the TGC circuit 300 as the feedback factor of thedifferential amplifier 316 is constant. In one example, a controlvoltage required for changing the resistance of the first voltagecontrolled resistor R1 v 308, the second voltage controlled resistor R2v 312 and the third voltage controlled resistor R3 v 314 is provided bya differential circuit. The TGC circuit 300 finds application in bothportable and high-end ultrasound systems. The TGC circuit 300 achieveslower noise with lower power.

FIG. 4 illustrates a differential input and a differential output curvesof the time gain compensation (TGC) circuit 300, according to anembodiment. Curve A represents the differential input (Vi) provided tothe TGC circuit 300, and curve B represents the differential output (Vo)of the TGC circuit 300. The differential input (Vi) represents thepositive input voltage Vi+ 302 and the negative input voltage Vi− 304.The differential output (Vo) represents the positive output voltage Vo+324 and the negative output voltage Vo− 326.

As illustrated in curve A, the differential input (Vi) gets attenuatedwith time. The TGC circuit 300 provides a higher gain when thedifferential input (Vi) is of lower intensity, and a lower gain when thedifferential input (Vi) is of high intensity. Thus, the curve B isobtained where the differential output (Vo) has a constant magnitudewith time.

As the feedback factor and the bandwidth of the differential amplifier316 are constant when the gain of the TGC circuit 300 is changed, a samephase response is achieved for the differential input across the gain ofthe TGC circuit 300. In addition, a noise of the differential amplifier316 remains same across the gain of the TGC circuit 300 as the feedbackfactor of the differential amplifier 316 is constant.

FIG. 5 illustrates a time gain compensation (TGC) circuit 500, accordingto an embodiment. The TGC circuit 500 receives a differential input. Thedifferential input includes a positive input voltage Vi+ 502 and anegative input voltage Vi− 504. An impedance network 505 receives thepositive input voltage Vi+ 502 and the negative input voltage Vi− 504.

The impedance network 505 includes a first fixed resistor R1 f 506, asecond fixed resistor R2 f 510, a first voltage controlled resistor R1 v507, a second voltage controlled resistor R2 v 509, a third voltagecontrolled resistor R3 v 512 and a fourth voltage controlled resistor R4v 514. In one version, the impedance network 505 includes one or morevoltage controlled resistors.

The first fixed resistor R1 f 506 and the second fixed resistor R2 f 510are fixed resistors. The first voltage controlled resistor R1 v 507, thesecond voltage controlled resistor R2 v 509, the third voltagecontrolled resistor R3 v 512 and the fourth voltage controlled resistorR4 v 514 are voltage controlled resistors.

The first fixed resistor R1 f 506 is coupled to a first node N1 andreceives the positive input voltage Vi+ 502. The second fixed resistorR2 f 510 is coupled to a second node N2 and receives the negative inputvoltage Vi− 504. The first voltage controlled resistor R1 v 507 iscoupled between the first node N1 and a ground terminal. The secondvoltage controlled resistor R2 v 509 is coupled between the second nodeN2 and the ground terminal.

A differential amplifier 516 is coupled to the impedance network 505.The differential amplifier 516 includes a first input port I1, a secondinput port I2, a first output port O1 and a second output port O2. Thedifferential amplifier 516 generates a differential output. Thedifferential output includes a positive output voltage Vo+ 524 and anegative output voltage Vo− 526.

The negative output voltage Vo− 526 is generated at the first outputport O1, and the positive output voltage Vo+ 524 is generated at thesecond output port O2. The third voltage controlled resistor R3 v 512 iscoupled between the first node N1 and the first input port I1. Thefourth voltage controlled resistor R4 v 514 is coupled between thesecond node N2 and the second input port I2.

A first feedback resistor Rfb1 518 is coupled between the first inputport I1 and the first output port O1. A second feedback resistor Rfb2520 is coupled between the second input port I2 and the second outputport O2. It is understood that the impedance network 505 is symmetric.Thus, in an example, when the positive input voltage Vi+ 502 and thenegative input voltage Vi− 504 are provided to the second node N2 andthe first node N1 respectively, the negative output voltage Vo− 526 andthe positive output voltage Vo+ 524 may be generated at second outputport O2 and first output port O1 respectively.

The TGC circuit 500 may include one or more additional components knownto those skilled in the relevant art and are not discussed here forsimplicity of the description.

The operation of the TGC circuit 500 is explained now. In one example, aresistance value of the first fixed resistor R1 f 506 and the secondfixed resistor R2 f 510 are equal. Also, a resistance value of the firstvoltage controlled resistor R1 v 507 and the second voltage controlledresistor R2 v 509 are maintained equal when the gain of the TGC circuit500 is changed.

Also, a resistance value of the third voltage controlled resistor R3 v512 and the fourth voltage controlled resistor R4 v 514 are maintainedequal when the gain of the TGC circuit 500 is changed. In anotherexample, a resistance value of the first feedback resistor Rfb1 518 andthe second feedback resistor Rfb2 520 are equal.

The differential amplifier 516 is at least one of an operationalamplifier and a high gain amplifier. In one example, a gain of thedifferential amplifier 516 is greater than 1000. The TGC circuit 500receives the differential input (the positive input voltage Vi+ 502 andthe negative input voltage Vi− 504).

The impedance network 505 provides a fixed impedance to the differentialamplifier 516 when the gain of the TGC circuit 500 is changed from amaximum value to a minimum value. Also, the impedance network 505provides the fixed impedance to the differential amplifier 516 when thegain of the TGC circuit 500 is changed from the minimum value to themaximum value.

A feedback factor and a bandwidth of the differential amplifier 516 areconstant when the gain of the TGC circuit 500 is changed. A change inthe gain of the TGC circuit 500 provides a corresponding change inresistance values of the first voltage controlled resistor R1 v 507, thesecond voltage controlled resistor R2 v 509, the third voltagecontrolled resistor R3 v 512 and the fourth voltage controlled resistorR4 v 514, such that the impedance network 505 provides the fixedimpedance to the differential amplifier 516.

In one version, when the gain of the TGC circuit 500 is changed from themaximum value to the minimum value, a resistance values of the firstvoltage controlled resistor R1 v 508 and the second voltage controlledresistor R2 v 509 are decreased, and a resistance values of the thirdvoltage controlled resistor R3 v 512 and the fourth voltage controlledresistor R4 v 514 are increased. Also, resistance values of the firstfixed resistor R1 f 506 and the second fixed resistor R2 f 510 aremaintained such that the fixed impedance is provided to the differentialamplifier 516. This controls the differential output (the positiveoutput voltage Vo+ 524 and the negative output voltage Vo− 526) of theTGC circuit 500.

In another version, when the gain of the TGC circuit 500 is changed fromthe minimum value to the maximum value, the resistance values of thefirst voltage controlled resistor R1 v 508 and the second voltagecontrolled resistor R2 v 509 are increased, and the resistance values ofthe third voltage controlled resistor R3 v 512 and the fourth voltagecontrolled resistor R4 v 514 are decreased. Also, resistance values ofthe first fixed resistor R1 f 506 and the second fixed resistor R2 f 510are maintained such that the fixed impedance is provided to thedifferential amplifier 516. This controls the differential output (thepositive output voltage Vo+ 524 and the negative output voltage Vo− 526)of the TGC circuit 500.

An output of the differential amplifier 516 is the output of the TGCcircuit 500. Thus, the resistance values of the first voltage controlledresistor R1 v 507, the second voltage controlled resistor R2 v 509, thethird voltage controlled resistor R3 v 512 and the fourth voltagecontrolled resistor R4 v 514 are changed such that the impedance network505 provides the fixed impedance to the differential amplifier 516 andsimultaneously achieving a desired gain for the TGC circuit 500.

The TGC circuit 500 requires very less power as compared to the TGCcircuit 100 to meet the same noise requirement in an ultrasound system.An output offset provided by the differential amplifier 516 does notchange with the change in the gain of the TGC circuit 500. As thefeedback factor and the bandwidth of the differential amplifier 516 areconstant when the gain of the TGC circuit 500 is changed, a same phaseresponse is achieved for the differential input across the gain of theTGC circuit 500. The TGC circuit 500 provides for accurate imaging in anultrasound system using TGC circuit 500.

In addition, a noise of the differential amplifier 516 remains sameacross the gain of the TGC circuit 500 as the feedback factor of thedifferential amplifier 516 is constant. In one example, a controlvoltage required for changing the resistance of the first voltagecontrolled resistor R1 v 508, the second voltage controlled resistor R2v 512 and the third voltage controlled resistor R3 v 514 is provided bya differential circuit. The TGC circuit 500 finds application in bothportable and high-end ultrasound systems. The TGC circuit 500 achieveslower noise with lower power.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an ultrasound system 600,according to an embodiment. The ultrasound system 600 includes aprocessor 602, a transmitter 604, a transducer 610 and a receiver 620.The ultrasound system 600 is illustrative, and real-worldimplementations may contain more blocks/components and/or differentarrangement of the blocks/components.

The transmitter 604 transmits a pulse signal. The transmitter 604receives a data representing a pulse signal from the processor 602. Inone example, the transmitter 604 performs several operations on the datareceived from the processor 602. The operations include, but not limitedto, filtering and amplification.

The transducer 610 receives the pulse signal from the transmitter 604.The transducer 610 converts electrical signals to ultrasound signals. Inone example, the transducer 610 includes an array of transducers. Theultrasound signals are transmitted to the subject's body, and, inresponse, echoes of the ultrasound signals are reflected from variousacoustic impedance discontinuities within the body.

Thus, the transducer 610 receives one or more reflected ultrasoundsignals. The transducer 610 convert the reflected ultrasound signals toone or more reflected electrical signals. The receiver 620 receives theone or more reflected electrical signals. The receiver 620 may beimplemented on an integrated circuit.

The receiver 620 includes a low noise amplifier (LNA) 614, a time gaincompensation (TGC) circuit, a filter 618 and an analog to digitalconverter (ADC) 622. The low noise amplifier (LNA) 614, the time gaincompensation (TGC) circuit 616, the filter 618 and the ADC 622 form aprocessing chain. In one version, the receiver 620 includes a pluralityof processing chains.

Each processing chain of the plurality of processing chains process areflected electrical signal of the one or more reflected electricalsignals. The LNA 614 receives one of the one or more reflectedelectrical signals as an input signal and generates an amplified signal.The TGC circuit 616 receives the amplified signal. The TGC circuit 616is analogous in connection and operation to at least one of the TGCcircuit 300 and the TGC circuit 500.

The TGC circuit 616 requires very less power to meet the noiserequirements in the ultrasound system 600. The TGC circuit 616 achieveslower noise with lower power. The TGC circuit 616 is used in anultrasound system 600 to correct the intensity of the reflectedelectrical signal so that the intensities are the same for the reflectedelectrical signal received from tissues deep within the body as they arefor similar tissues close to the surface of the body.

The filter 618 receives an output of the TGC circuit 616. In oneexample, the filter 618 is an anti-aliasing filter. In another example,the filter 618 is a low pass filter. The filter 618 generates a filteredoutput. An ADC 622 is coupled to the filter 618 and generates a digitaldata in response to the filter output.

The processor 602 is coupled to the ADC 622. The processor 602 can be,for example, a CISC-type (Complex Instruction Set Computer) CPU,RISC-type CPU (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), or a digital signalprocessor (DSP). The processor 602 processes the digital data togenerate an ultrasound image of a subject.

The foregoing description sets forth numerous specific details to conveya thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparentto one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced withoutthese specific details. Well-known features are sometimes not describedin detail in order to avoid obscuring the invention. Other variationsand embodiments are possible in light of above teachings, and it is thusintended that the scope of invention not be limited by this DetailedDescription, but only by the following Claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A time gain compensation (TGC) circuitcomprising: an impedance network including: a first fixed resistorcoupled to a first node and configured to receive a positive inputvoltage; a second fixed resistor coupled to a second node and configuredto receive a negative input voltage; a first voltage controlled resistorcoupled between the first node and the second node; a second voltagecontrolled resistor coupled between the first node and a first inputport; and a third voltage controlled resistor coupled between the secondnode and a second input port; a differential amplifier coupled to theimpedance network, the differential amplifier comprising the first inputport, the second input port, a first output port and a second outputport; a first feedback resistor coupled between the first input port andthe first output port; and a second feedback resistor coupled betweenthe second input port and the second output port, wherein the impedancenetwork provides a fixed impedance to the differential amplifier when again of the TGC circuit is changed from a maximum value to a minimumvalue.
 2. The TGC circuit of claim 1, wherein the impedance networkprovides the fixed impedance to the differential amplifier when the gainof the TGC circuit is changed from a second minimum value to a secondmaximum value.
 3. The TGC circuit of claim 1, wherein the differentialamplifier is at least one of an operational amplifier and a high gainamplifier.
 4. The TGC circuit of claim 1, wherein a feedback factor anda bandwidth of the differential amplifier are constant when the gain ofthe TGC circuit is changed.
 5. The TGC circuit of claim 1, wherein achange in the gain of the TGC circuit provides a corresponding change inresistance values of the first voltage controlled resistor, the secondvoltage controlled resistor and the third voltage controlled resistor,such that the impedance network provides the fixed impedance to thedifferential amplifier.
 6. An ultrasound system comprising: atransmitter having an input and an output, wherein the output isconfigured to transmit a pulse signal to an object adapted to reflectthe pulse signal; a receiver configured to receive one or more reflectedpulse signals, the receiver comprising processing chains, at least oneprocessing chain comprising: a low noise amplifier (LNA) configured toreceive the one or more reflected pulse signals as an input signal andto provide an amplified pulse signal; and a time gain compensation (TGC)circuit configured to receive the amplified pulse signal, the TGCcircuit comprising: an impedance network that includes a first voltagecontrolled resistor coupled between a first node and a second node, asecond voltage controlled resistor coupled between the first node and afirst input port, and a third voltage controlled resistor coupledbetween the second node and a second input port; a differentialamplifier coupled to the impedance network, the differential amplifiercomprising the first input port, the second input port, a first outputport and a second output port; a first feedback resistor coupled betweenthe first input port and the first output port; and a second feedbackresistor coupled between the second input port and the second outputport; wherein, the impedance network provides a fixed impedance to thedifferential amplifier when a gain of the TGC circuit is changed from amaximum value to a minimum value.
 7. The ultrasound system of claim 6further comprising: a filter having an input coupled to an output of theTGC circuit, and having an output, the output of the TGC circuit being adifferential signal at the first output port and the second output port;an analog to digital converter (ADC) configured to provide digital datain response to the filter output; and a processor coupled to the ADC andconfigured to process the digital data.
 8. The ultrasound system ofclaim 6, wherein the differential amplifier is at least one of anoperational amplifier and a high gain amplifier.
 9. The ultrasoundsystem of claim 6, wherein a feedback factor and a bandwidth of thedifferential amplifier are constant when the gain of the TGC circuit ischanged.
 10. The ultrasound system of claim 6, wherein the impedancenetwork further comprises: a first fixed resistor coupled to the firstnode and configured to receive a positive input voltage; and a secondfixed resistor coupled to the second node and configured to receive anegative input voltage.
 11. The ultrasound system of claim 6, wherein achange in the gain of the TGC circuit provides a corresponding change inresistance values of the first voltage controlled resistor, the secondvoltage controlled resistor and the third voltage controlled resistor,such that the impedance network provides the fixed impedance to thedifferential amplifier.